Análisis de factores que contribuyen a la invasión de rosa mosqueta (Rosa canina y R. rubiginosa) en Mendoza

Las especies exóticas invasoras causan daños considerables a sistemas tanto naturales como manejados e incurren en grandes costos para la sociedad. En la provincia de Mendoza, Argentina, las especies de rosa mosqueta (Rosa canina y R. rubiginosa), un arbusto originario de Europa, representa una amenaza a la integridad de los ecosistemas ya que se encuentra invadiendo grandes extensiones de la precordillera. Esta tesis tiene como objetivo general analizar algunos factores que pueden contribuir a la invasión de este arbusto exótico en la provincia. En el capítulo II, se analiza el sistema reproductivo de ambas especies de rosa mosqueta. La hipótesis que se pone a prueba, utilizando diversos experimentos de polinización, es que ambas especies de estudio son capaces de producir frutos y semillas a través de autopolinización y apomixis. Sin embargo, considerando los posibles efectos de la depresión por endogamia, los frutos y semillas producidos de manera uniparental son de menor calidad y cantidad que los producidos a través de estrategias que involucran polinización cruzada. En el capítulo III se analiza la invasión en el contexto de la comunidad arbustiva nativa, a través de la comparación de los atributos funcionales entre las especies nativas y las exóticas. Se plantea la hipótesis de que las dos especies de rosa mosqueta se diferencian de las nativas en atributos funcionales que reflejan una mayor capacidad adquisitiva de los recursos disponibles y un rápido crecimiento (por ejemplo, mayor SLA, mayor altura, menor densidad de la madera). Finalmente, en el capítulo IV se analizó el hábitat potencial de la rosa mosqueta, ajustando un modelo de distribución de especies en la Reserva Natural Privada Villavicencio y proyectándolo a otras áreas protegidas de la provincia de Mendoza. Esto se realizó utilizando el software MaxEnt, en base variables topográficas y puntos de ocurrencia de las especies. Se observó que tanto R. canina como R. rubiginosa son capaces de producir frutos y semillas a través todas las estrategias aquí estudiadas, mostrando gran versatilidad en su sistema reproductivo. Si bien ambas especies produjeron menor cantidad de frutos por apomixis, los mismos fueron más pesados, sugiriendo mejor calidad. No se observaron diferencias en cuanto a cantidad y calidad de infrutescencias y frutos producidos entre tratamientos con y polinizadores, por lo que se concluyó que ambas especies de rosa mosqueta no dependen de polinizadores para una correcta reproducción. En el capítulo III, los resultados mostraron que las dos especies de rosa mosqueta se diferencian de las nativas en ciertos atributos funcionales. Ambas especies de rosa mosqueta presentaron una combinación de plantas más altas, hojas más grandes, con mayor índice de área foliar específica y más finas, lo que da cuenta de una estrategia adquisitiva. Esto les permitiría un aprovechamiento más eficiente de los recursos y superar en abundancia a las nativas en los sitios donde estos recursos, tales como la humedad del suelo, sean más abundantes. Además se observó que ambas especies de rosa mosqueta se solapan en su floración con los arbustos nativos. Este solapamiento podría resultar en una competencia por servicios de polinización. Sin embargo, podría pensarse que las especies afectadas serían las nativas, ya que se ha observado en el capítulo II que las dos especies de rosa mosqueta pueden producir frutos y semillas sin necesidad de polinizadores. En el capítulo IV, se obtuvo la idoneidad de hábitat para la rosa mosqueta en varias áreas protegidas de Mendoza, en base a variables topográficas y puntos de ocurrencia. Los resultados arrojaron que existen zonas con idoneidad alta y muy alta en todas las áreas estudiadas. El modelo mostró que la variable que más afecta la idoneidad de hábitat para la rosa mosqueta es el índice topográfico de humedad. De esta manera, los sectores más vulnerables a la invasión serían quebradas, vegas y cursos de agua, los cuales representan ambientes de gran importancia para la conservación de la biodiversidad en la zona. Podría decirse entonces, que de realizarse acciones de monitoreo para evitar la expansión de estas especies, las mismas deberían enfocarse principalmente en los sectores indicados con idoneidad media, alta y muy alta, ya que son zonas que por tener una mayor concentración de humedad serian óptimas para que la rosa mosqueta, con su estrategia adquisitiva logre invadir; asimismo, la generación de propágulos sin polinización podría facilitar aún más su expansión hacia estas zonas. Se observa que esta invasión ocupa grandes sectores, genera manchones monoespecíficos que inhabilitan el uso recreativo de grandes áreas, y limitan el acceso a cursos de agua, y puede inferirse que estas especies exóticas desplazan a las especies nativas, afectando de esta manera la biodiversidad. Sin embargo, no se cuenta hasta la fecha con estudios que cuantifiquen los impactos causados. Dicho esto, y teniendo en cuenta la información generada en la presente tesis, sería de fundamental importancia comenzar con acciones tendientes al manejo de ambas especies de rosa mosqueta en el área de estudio.Exotic invasive species can cause considerable damage to natural and managed systems, generating a great cost to society. In Mendoza province, Argentina, two species of sweet briar (Rosa canina and R. rubiginosa), native to Europe, represent a threat to the integrity of natural ecosystems, as they are invading extensive areas in the valleys of the pre Andean mountains (precordillera). The general goal of this thesis is to analyze some of the factors that can contribute to the invasion of these exotic shrubs in Mendoza. Chapter I presents an introduction to the themes of the thesis and a description of the study area and both exotic species. In chapter II, I studied the reproductive system of both Rosa species. The hypothesis I tested, using pollination experiments, was that both study species are able to produce fruits and seeds trough self-pollination and apomixis. However, considering the effects of inbreeding depression, I expected that fruits and seeds produced via uniparental strategies are produced in lower number and quality, than those produced by cross-pollination. In chapter III, I analyze the invasion in a community context, comparing functional traits between native and exotic shrubs. The hypothesis is that both Rosa species differentiate from natives in functional traits that reflect an acquisitive strategy of available resources, and a faster growth (e.g. higher SLA, lower height, lower wood density). Finally in chapter IV, I modeled the potentially suitable habitat of sweet briar in Mendoza. To this end I used MaxEnt software, combining topographic variables with occurrence data. Results showed that both Rosa species are able to produce seeds and fruits using all the reproductive strategies analyzed here, showing great versatility in their reproductive system. Both species produced less number of fruits by apomixis, but they were heavier, suggesting better quality. As there were no differences regarding number and quality of fruits produced by strategies with or without pollinators, I conclude that both Rosa species do not depend on pollinators to reproduce successfully. In chapter III, results showed that both Rosa species differed from the natives shrubs in some functional traits. Both exotic species presented a combination of higher plants, thinner leaves and higher SLA, related to an acquisitive strategy, which supports my hypothesis. This could allow them to use the resources more efficiently and to outnumber native species in sites where resources, such as soil moisture, are not limited. I observed that both Rosa species overlap their flowering period with the native shrubs, which can result in competition for pollinators. However, based on the results of chapter II, I propose that in case of competition, native species would be affected, as both rose species can reproduce without pollination. In chapter IV, I obtained the suitable habitats for sweet briar in several protected areas of Mendoza. Results showed that there are sites with high and very high habitat suitability in all the study areas. According to the model, the most important variable affecting habitat suitability is the topographic wetness index. In line with this result, the sites more vulnerable to the invasion are water courses, which represent environments of high conservation value in the area. Based on the results of this thesis, monitoring and control actions should focus mainly on sites with intermediate, high and very high habitat suitability. Also, propagule generation without pollination could facilitate further expansion of Rosa species to these sites. This invasion occupies large areas, generating monospecific thickets that preclude recreational use, and limit the access to streams and other water courses. These exotic shrubs may displace native species, affecting biodiversity. However, no studies have quantified the impacts of these exotic species. Considering the information generated in the present thesis, it is imperative to elaborate and conduct management actions for both exotic species in the study area.Fil: Mazzolari, Ana Clara. Autor; . Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; Argentin

Perception of wildlife from various religious views: A tool to promote environmental education in the Osa Peninsula

En la península de Osa, al sur de Costa Rica, la cacería y el comercio de la fauna silvestre son prácticas extendidas que ponen en riesgo su conservación. Los líderes religiosos podrían ser actores importantes si se integra en sus discursos ideas sobre esta problemática, pues ellos tienden a crear enlaces profundos con la comunidad. Con el objetivo de conocer la percepción de los líderes religiosos frente a la problemática ambiental local, se realizaron entrevistas a profundidad. En general mostraron sensibilidad hacia la naturaleza y los problemas ambientales actuales. Existió una aceptación sobre la caza de subsistencia, pero no así de la caza deportiva ni comercial. Se encontró una buena disposición de aprender sobre la problemática ambiental y las vías para su mitigación, así como elementos en sus doctrinas que pueden usarse para canalizar estrategias de educación ambiental.In the Osa peninsula in southern Costa Rica, hunting and wildlife trade are common practices that threaten biodiversity conservation. Religious leaders could play an important role if they integrate in their speeches ideas about these issues, as they tend to create deep links with the community. In order to understand the perception of religious leaders against local environmental issues they were interviewed in depth. In general they showed sensitivity to nature and the current environmental problems. They showed an acceptance on subsistence hunting, but not for commercial or sport hunting. Also religious leaders showed a willingness to learn about environmental issues and ways to mitigate them, as well as elements in their doctrines that can be used to channel environmental education strategies.Fil: Mazzolari, Ana Clara. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; ArgentinaFil: Pardo, Laín. Universidad de Costa Rica; Costa RicaFil: Monge, Otto. No especifica;Fil: Montalvo, Víctor. Universidad de Costa Rica; Costa RicaFil: Armero-Durán, Dora. Universidad de Costa Rica; Costa RicaFil: Cruz-Díaz, Juan Carlos. Universidad de Costa Rica; Costa RicaFil: Orias-Hidalgo, Nancy. Universidad de Costa Rica; Costa RicaFil: Rodríguez, Virginia. Universidad de Costa Rica; Costa RicaFil: Sarmento, Martha. Universidad de Costa Rica; Costa RicaFil: Tovar, Adriana. Universidad de Costa Rica; Costa RicaFil: Vargas-Mena, Emilio. Universidad de Costa Rica; Costa RicaFil: Wong-Reyes, Grace. Universidad de Costa Rica; Costa Ric

Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world\u27s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km² pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the world’s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Global maps of soil temperature.

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Invasión de Rubus ulmifolius (rosaceae) en la Reserva Integral Laguna de los Padres, Buenos Aires, Argentina: bases para el trazado de estrategias de manejo y recuperación del bosque nativo

La invasión por plantas exóticas representa una creciente amenaza a la integridad de los ecosistemas y es un problema de manejo prioritario en las áreas protegidas. La Reserva Integral Laguna de los Padres (RILAPA) constituye una importante zona de conservación en el área del sudeste bonaerense que está invadida por una planta exótica conocida con elnombre vulgar de zarzamora (Rubus ulmifolius Schott), la cual atenta contra el propósito de conservación del área. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron (1) localizar y caracterizar florísticamente aquellos sectores de la RILAPA que aún presentan una invasión incipiente onula de zarzamora; y en base a ello (2) identificar en los mismos áreas con prioridad de conservación y jerarquizar acciones de manejo. Se realizó un reconocimiento utilizando imágenes satelitales donde se identificaron 6 áreas de diferente fisonomía vegetal y de superficie variable sin invasión de zarzamora. Dentro de cada área se relevó la vegetación y se estableció la cobertura de cada especie, la cobertura de especies nativas, la diversidad y la riqueza. La información obtenida en este trabajo sirve como ejemplo de manejo adaptativo y genera información relevante para el establecimiento de acciones de manejo bien organizadas y planificadas, aumentando la eficiencia de las mismas.Invasion by exotic plants represents a growing threat to the integrity of ecosystems and is a priority management issue in protected areas. Laguna de los Padres Natural Reserve (RILAPA) is a very important conservation area in the southeast of Buenos Aires Province. This reserve is invaded by the exotic Elmleaf Blackberry (Rubus ulmifolius Schott) which is attempting against the conservation goals of the reserve. The objectives of this study were to (1) identify and characterize floristically at the RILAPA those sectors that still present an incipient or no invasion of blackberry, and on that basis (2) identify priority areas for conservation and rank management actions. A first survey was conducted using satellite images where 6 areas with different vegetal physiognomy with no Elmleaf Blackberry invasion and variable surface were identified. Inside each area, the cover of each species, the cover of natives, the diversity and richness were assessed. This work constitutes an example of active adaptive management and gives relevant information for the establishment of organized and planned management actions so as to increase their efficiency.Fil: Mazzolari, Ana Clara. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza; ArgentinaFil: Comparatore, Viviana. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; Argentin

Analysis of an invasion in the community context: a case study about differences and similarities between native and non-native shrubs

Although much effort has been devoted to identify plant traits related to invasiveness, the success of this approach remains elusive, likely because the relevance of particular traits for invasions is context-dependent. We studied plant invasions in the context of the recipient community in a mountain ecosystem of western Argentina by comparing traits between two non-native shrubs, Rosa canina and R. rubiginosa, and all native shrubs coexisting with them. We expected that both rose species differed from natives in traits related to an acquisitive strategy of resources. We grouped native shrubs into species with high (abundant) and low abundance (rare). We expected smaller differences between non-natives and abundant natives than between non-natives and rare natives, as shrub abundance may depend on possessing a particular suite of traits, independent of species origin. We found that both rose species were different from native shrubs when analyzing all traits in combination. Non-natives presented a strategy that may allow them to acquire resources and grow at faster rates than natives, offering support to our prediction. Yet, native and non-native shrub species overlapped in flower phenology. When comparing non-natives to abundant and rare natives, we found no support for our expectation, as non-natives did not show smaller differences with abundant natives, but shared similarities with rare natives. This pattern suggests successful coexistence via niche partitioning, but this possibility deserves future studies. Our work highlights the importance of considering non-native plant traits in a community context to further understand the invasion process.Fil: Mazzolari, Ana Clara. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Hierro, Jose Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Patagonia Confluencia. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de la Pampa. Grupo Vinculado Fundacion Centro de Salud E Investigaciones Medicas | Universidad Nacional de la Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de la Pampa. Grupo Vinculado Fundacion Centro de Salud E Investigaciones Medicas.; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Vázquez, Diego Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentin

Potential contribution to the invasion process of different reproductive strategies of two invasive roses

The type of reproductive system may be an important trait for the establishment and maintenance of populations of invasive plant species in new areas, as it can influence their demography and genetics. We studied the breeding system of two exotic invasive species, Rosa rubiginosa and R. canina, in a natural reserve in Argentina, using a combination of pollination experiments. We asked how the different reproductive modes of these species affect the quantity and quality of the fruits and seed produced. Our results show that both invasive rose species have an array of reproductive strategies, and that they are able to invade without pollinators, as they can produce seeds in the same quantity and quality through wind-pollination, self-pollination, and apomixis. Such lack of dependence on pollinators and pollination for reproduction should enhance colonization into new areas, suggesting the need of intensive monitoring of spread and dispersal. Considering that both species are successful invaders in the region, our results are in line with Baker's rule, which posits that plants capable of uniparental reproduction are more likely to invade new areas.Fil: Mazzolari, Ana Clara. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; ArgentinaFil: Marrero, Hugo Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; ArgentinaFil: Vazquez, Diego P.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; Argentin

Going off trails: How dispersed visitor use affects alpine vegetation

Mountain protected areas provide a range of ecosystem services including conserving biodiversity, while often providing recreation and tourism opportunities. Unfortunately, tourists and pack animals used to transport equipment can damage sensitive alpine vegetation particularly when they leave trails. This study assessed the impacts of disturbance from off trail use on alpine vegetation in a popular park in the Andes. The effect of different levels of disturbance as well as abiotic factors on alpine steppe vegetation was assessed using generalized linear models and ordinations in 91 plots (20 m2) in the popular Horcones Valley that is used to access remote areas in Aconcagua Provincial Park in Argentina. Disturbance off trails resulted in declines in the cover of native plants, including the endemic shrub Adesmia aegiceras but increases in the cover of herbs including the non-native Convolvulus arvensis. Increased disturbance was associated with shifts from stress tolerant species to ruderal plants characterized by more acquisitive traits, including shorter plants with greater Specific Leaf Area. The research demonstrates the severity of impacts from off trail trampling including how trampling favours some species with specific traits over others and why it is important to limit off track use in areas of high conservation value.Fil: Barros, Ana Agustina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Aschero, Valeria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Mazzolari, Ana Clara. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Cavieres, Lohengrin. Universidad de Concepción; Chile. Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad; ChileFil: Pickering, Katherine. Griffith University; Australi